Have you deployed Azure AD connect to sync on-premises AD with Azure AD in your environment?
To my knowledge this is not possible.
As to login Exchange online mailboxes, you may need authenticate with the credentials of Exchange Online mailboxes.
So email address and password are required.
And if you have MFA enabled, you also need to authenticate via MFA.
There is no method to store these credentials in local AD to have Outlook auto-configured with these credentials.
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