MS has made a fundamental change in the way it develops Windows.
Before Windows 10 they would release a 'new version', like XP, Vista, Win 7, Win 8 then in 2-3 years they would either release a "Service Pack" or another new Major version with new features and major changes to the underlying structure. In between they would release security patches and only minor new features.
Starting with Win 10 MS switched to a "Software As A Service" , or SaaS, model. Rather than waiting 2 or 3 years for new features they now release them twice a year. The numbers you listed are called "Version numbers" for these semi annual "updates"
Version 1507
Version 1511
Version 1607
Version 1703
Version 1709
Version 1803
Version 1809
The naming convention they use is the first 2 char are the year, 2015, 2016 etc.
The last 2 char are supposed to be the month they are released, 07=July, 11=Nov, etc
Within a build, MS keeps working on development. They create "builds" to test changes as they are finished. Then they release updates containing security and bug fixes on roughly a monthly schedule. More if required. These builds are identified with 2 part numbers, ie 16299.431.
The first part represents corresponding the the Version number, 1709 in this case.
The second part represents individual builds that are compiled and tested, ie since Version 1709 / 16299 was created they created and tested 431 subsequent small builds in this case. The general public will see large jumps in the second part counter between most of the releases they see.
MS has promised to support a specific Version for only 18 months, roughly until the 3rd subsequent Version is released. After that, the old version will no longer get any updates at all.
Andre already gave you the link to the update history page:
https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/409947...
It lists the builds as they are released to the general public. They contain a brief, incomplete list of changes made to the that build. The general public never gets to see the full list of changes and "improvements". MS likes to keep a few "surprises" "secret" ... <sarcasm>.