Thank you for reaching out to us on Microsoft Q&A.
To troubleshoot this issue, we will have to check the sign-in logs of user whose sign-in was blocked.
In sign-in logs you will get the IP address that the request is coming from. You can confirm the IP address and check if it is part of whitelisted IP's that you have defined.
Also, check and make sure that your load balancer is not NATing the IP address. If this is the case that you will have to define IP of a load balancer also in whitelisted list.
Also, in sign-in logs you can check and confirm that as to which conditional access is getting applied to the request. And under what conditions the request is getting blocked.
You can refer below article to get more information on troubleshooting conditional access policies.
https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/conditional-access/troubleshoot-conditional-access
Let me know if you have any further questions.
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