Here is my IsWindowsHealthy.bat file. It tests some of the basic areas that might impact Windows Update. Save it and run it from an admin command prompt. Let's see if it produces any errors.
cls
@echo.-------------------------------------------
@echo. Run check disk
@echo.-------------------------------------------
chkdsk c:
@set rc=%errorlevel%
@echo.RC=%rc%
@if not "%rc%"=="0" goto exit
@echo.
@echo.-------------------------------------------
@echo. Dism CheckHealth
@echo.-------------------------------------------
Dism.exe /Online /Cleanup-Image /CheckHealth
@set rc=%errorlevel%
@echo.RC=%rc%
@if not "%rc%"=="0" goto exit
@echo.
@echo.-------------------------------------------
@echo. Dism ScanHealth
@echo.-------------------------------------------
Dism.exe /Online /Cleanup-Image /ScanHealth
@set rc=%errorlevel%
@echo.RC=%rc%
@if not "%rc%"=="0" goto exit
@echo.
@echo.-------------------------------------------
@echo. Dism AnalyzeComponentstore
@echo.-------------------------------------------
Dism.exe /online /cleanup-image /AnalyzeComponentstore
@set rc=%errorlevel%
@echo.RC=%rc%
@if not "%rc%"=="0" goto exit
REM My PC hasn't been messed up to the point where I need to execute a Dism RestoreHealth
REM Leaving this as a reminder that we might need to add it in somewhere.
REM Dism.exe /Online /Cleanup-Image /restoreHealth
REM @echo. RC=%errorlevel%
@echo.
@echo.
@echo. If Component Store Cleanup Recommended : Yes
@echo. Run Dism.exe /online /Cleanup-Image /StartComponentCleanup
@echo.
@echo.
@echo.-------------------------------------------
@echo. System File Checker
@echo.-------------------------------------------
sfc.exe /scannow
@set rc=%errorlevel%
@echo.RC=%rc%
@if not "%rc%"=="0" goto exit
@echo.
@echo.-------------------------------------------
@echo. WindowsUpdate Troubleshooting
@echo.-------------------------------------------
powershell.exe "Get-TroubleshootingPack -path C:\Windows\diagnostics\system\WindowsUpdate | Invoke-TroubleshootingPack"
@set rc=%errorlevel%
@echo.RC=%rc%
:exit