In Azure, you can find the MFA configuration/context of users in the Azure Active Directory (AD). Specifically, you can use the Azure AD PowerShell module to retrieve the TOTP (Time-based One-Time Password) secret for a user.
(Get-AzureADUser -ObjectId <Object ID>).StrongAuthenticationMethods | Where-Object {$_.IsDefault -eq $true} | Select-Object -ExpandProperty "CustomKeyIdentifier"
Replace <Object ID> with the Object ID of the user whose TOTP secret you want to retrieve.