In this case, I believe you may need to use the link at bottom of the initial sign-in window where you enter your username and select that you're using a certificate. Then use https://certauth.login.microsoftonline.com/ to register your certificate again due to the format you performed on the hardware. See https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/authentication/concept-certificate-based-authentication-technical-deep-dive for a walkthrough.
I suggest studying the concept of an "emergency glass" admin account as part of such an event occurring in the future.