Hi @Thomas Tierney ,
We are unable to fetch the List items more than threshold limit 5000. For example you have 10,000 items, there are 3000 item which meets your caml expression. you may think this is less than threshold limit, so it will retrieve. but here it won't retrieve rather you will get exceed threshold limit exception. You can only retrieve all the items by the following caml query. Then keep it in collection object and query this collection object using Linq expression.
"<View Scope='RecursiveAll'><RowLimit>5000</RowLimit></View>"
You will need to query the list out and store the items in listCol, then you can filter the items created before 2023.1.1 and sort them by c#
Here is a similar issue with yours for reference
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