Why not able to perform Windows Update for SQL Server 2019 KB5021124 for a VM in Azure

Question

Overall summary:
  Final result:                  The patch installer has failed to update the following instance: MSSQLSERVER. To determine the reason for failure, review the log files.
  Exit code (Decimal):           -2061893565
  Start time:                    2023-06-08 08:56:03
  End time:                      2023-06-08 08:59:01
  Requested action:              Patch

Instance MSSQLSERVER overall summary:
  Final result:                  The patch installer has failed to update the shared features. To determine the reason for failure, review the log files.
  Exit code (Decimal):           -2061893565
  Start time:                    2023-06-08 08:58:12
  End time:                      2023-06-08 08:58:57
  Requested action:              Patch

Package properties:   Description:                   Microsoft SQL Server 2019    ProductName:                   SQL Server 2019   Type:                          RTM   Version:                       15   SPLevel:                       0   KBArticle:                     KB5021124   KBArticleHyperlink:            https://support.microsoft.com/?kbid=5021124   PatchType:                     QFE   AssociatedHotfixBuild:         0   Platform:                      x64   PatchLevel:                    15.0.4280.7   ProductVersion:                15.0.2000.5   GDRReservedRange:              15.0.2005.0:15.0.2010.0   Installation location:         E:\26ecd15a736d02cd3a5a7a6e6bf05e\x64\setup\

Answer 1

To determine the reason for failure, review the log files.

That's really to less on information, but do what the message says:

View and Read SQL Server Setup Log Files