Hello @keith andrews !
First i have to say that Intune is mandatory as for the Management and Control and Defender also !
BUT
If you have not yet onboarded then this may help :
Using Microsoft Defender for Cloud APPS (Cloud APP Security ) , there is an option to identify trusted devices via Certificate :
You can then create Access and or Session Policies for your Apps , but you must also onboard these apps to Cloud APP Security , so the Conditional Access Policy can understand it
The control is either Block or Monitor and you can play along with Session or Access Policy !
Here are some links :
https://cybergeeks.cloud/2022/07/defender-for-cloud-apps-client-certificate-auth/
https://sc.scomurr.com/mcas-device-identity-via-certificates-and-progressive-web-apps/
https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/defender-cloud-apps/proxy-intro-aad#managed-device-identification
I hope this helps!
Kindly mark the answer as Accepted and Upvote in case it helped!
Regards