Hello,
Yes as you have thought, you can make use of ADF/ Synapse analytics to query on Prem database and send email. But with respect to attachment, excel support is not yet there, and you can still use CSV files.
You can use copy activity to pull records from on Prem DB and create a CSV file stored in azure blob storage or data lake storage. And use web activity + logic apps to send email with the CSV file attached to the required persons.
Hope that helps. If you need more details, please let us know.
Thanks.