That's how the mobile Outlook apps work - they sync only the latest 30 days worth of messages to a separate "cloud" storage, then work their magic on this subset of messages. Note that this only applies to mailboxes outside of Office 365. If your mailbox is hosted in Exchange Online, you will be able to see all messages.
In any case, if a message is "missing" from Outlook mobile after 30 days, it does not mean it is deleted - you can still access it via Outlook desktop or web apps.