For your systems that are having issues, are they reporting to WSUS properly?
https://www.ajtek.ca/wsus/client-machines-not-reporting-to-wsus-properly/
Run down the list of troubleshooting from the top to the bottom.
Also, specifically:
What is the Scan Source of the Windows Update Agent on the affected systems? Is it WSUS (likely)?
$(New-Object -ComObject "Microsoft.Update.ServiceManager").Services | Select-Object Name, IsDefaultAUService
If yes, have you performed the required changes for UUP?
https://www.ajtek.ca/guides/how-to-prepare-for-on-prem-wsus-uup-updates/
What products & Classifications do you have selected?
Under the Products tab, make sure you have “Windows 10, 1903 and later” checked as well or you will not receive upgrades past 1809. For Windows 11 upgrades, under the Products tab, make sure you have “Windows 11” checked. If you are synchronizing the Drivers classification, it is also recommended to check “Windows 10, 1903 and later, Servicing Drivers” and “Windows 10, 1903 and later, Upgrade & Servicing Drivers”
You may be missing a specific SSU - did you notice any differences in what was downloaded from online than what is available (approved) in WSUS?