@Blake Fuller, Thanks for posting in Q&A. For the two devices are they in the same tenant?
As different device is with different device id, for enrolled information. It can't backup and restore on another device. And if the two devices are in the same tenant, we can check all the policies, apps applied to the device. If the policy is assigned to device group, we can add the new device into the same device group to apply all these policies. if the policy is assigned to user group and we use the same user account to enroll, then it will apply these policies automatically.
For user data backup, I find a link describe this, you can refer to it.
https://andrewstaylor.com/2022/04/05/intune-backups-part-2-user-data/
Note: Non-Microsoft link, just for the reference.
Hope the above information can help.
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