Hi @Markus Bauer ,
I'm glad that you were able to resolve your issue and thank you for posting your solution so that others experiencing the same thing can easily reference this! Since the Microsoft Q&A community has a policy that "The question author cannot accept their own answer. They can only accept answers by others ", I'll repost your solution in case you'd like to "Accept " the answer.
Issue:
Solution taken in cx verbatim:
It turns out, Azure backend got confused by concurring "Create" and "Drop" operations because I might have messed up somewhere in the beginning. Due to this, the database name I chose was already in use and Azure could not create the flexible Postgres server. Simply changing the name of the server seems to have fixed it.
If you have any other questions or are still running into more issues, please let me know. Thank you again for your time and patience throughout this issue.
Please remember to "Accept Answer" if any answer/reply helped, so that others in the community facing similar issues can easily find the solution.
Thanks