Hi Markus Greiner,
Thanks for reaching out to Microsoft!
I tried to reproduce from my end, and able to update the event and received a success response. 500 Internal server error typically indicates that there was an issue on the server side while processing the request.
I recommend you raise a support case with Microsoft Graph, a Support Engineer will be able to look into this issue and assist you better. You can raise support ticket from New support request - Microsoft Entra admin center or https://admin.microsoft.com/#/support/requests.
Hope this helps.
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