I had exactly this problem with a Windows 8 machine with a hard drive only a couple of weeks old could not boot to Windows or Windows CD but managed to boot to recovery USB and followed the steps below.
Start by booting the computer with the recovery media inserted. The computer should load the CD or USB. (You may have to change the BIOS boot order to boot the USB drive first.)
Choose your language. Click Next
You will now see Install in the center of your screen. On the lower left side you will see Repair your computer.
Choose the repair option.
You will have several options including:
Refresh Your Computer
Restore Your Computer
Advanced Options
Choose Advanced Options.
Launch the command prompt
Enter the following commands one at a time hitting Enter after each command.
bootrec /scanos
bootrec /rebuildbcd
bootrec /fixmbr
bootrec /fixboot
Reboot computer after the final command finishes