I'm having this issue on a fresh install of Windows 10 Pro (elevated to enterprise on login due to E3 license). I've just installed the October 2022 22h2 image. I logged in using my Azure Work account. I am seeing "the sync could not be initiated" when I go look at the Intune info under Accounts -> Work accounts.
In event log, I'm seeing:
AAD Cloud AP plugin call Lookup name name from SID returned error: 0xC00485D3
Http request status: 400. Method: GET Endpoint Uri: https://login.microsoftonline.com/<censored>/sidtoname Correlation ID: <censored>
Error: 0xCAA90056 Renew token by the primary refresh token failed.
Logged at RefreshTokenRequest.cpp, line: 147, method: RefreshTokenRequest::AcquireToken.
Request: authority: https://login.microsoftonline.com/common, client: {<censored>}, redirect URI: ms-appx-web://Microsoft.AAD.BrokerPlugin/S-1-15-2-1609473798-1231923017-684268153-4268514328-882773646-2760585773-1760938157, resource: https://onestore.microsoft.com, correlation ID (request): <censored>
On-prem tgt error: On-prem configuration is missingstrong text
Error: 0xCAA2000C The request requires user interaction.
Code: interaction_required
Description: AADSTS50076: Due to a configuration change made by your administrator, or because you moved to a new location, you must use multi-factor authentication to access '45a330b1-b1ec-4cc1-9161-<censored>'.
Trace ID: 2e6ba972-3f07-480e-8b21-cec67ba12900
Correlation ID: <censored>
Timestamp: 2022-11-04 14:23:55Z
TokenEndpoint: https://login.microsoftonline.com/common/oauth2/token
Logged at OAuthTokenRequestBase.cpp, line: 449, method: OAuthTokenRequestBase::ProcessOAuthResponse.