It is technically possible.
I have seen at least one person who wrote a wrapper around the Azure Maps web SDK and made it a map component in deck.gl (but doesn't look like they checked it into the repo). I don't have all the details though. The Azure Maps web SDK is built on top of the Mapbox gl js SDK (with added enhancements). I believe they modified the Mapbox component of deck GL to leverage this. The Azure Maps Web SDK exposes the Mapbox map instance via it's "map.map" property.
Another approach is to use any of the existing map components in deck.gl and add Azure Maps as a layer. Using raster tiles is really easy to do. Here is a simple example:
var azureMapsKey = '<Your Azure Maps Key>';
var map = new mapboxgl.Map({
container: 'map',
center: [0, 0],
zoom: 2,
style: {
"version": 8,
"name": "Mapbox Streets",
"sources": {
"azure-maps-basemap": {
"type": "raster",
"tiles": [`https://atlas.microsoft.com/map/tile?api-version=2.0&tilesetId=microsoft.base.road&zoom={z}&x={x}&y={y}&tileSize=256&language=en-US&view=Auto&subscription-key=${azureMapsKey}`],
"tileSize": 256
}
},
"layers": [{
"id": "basemap",
"type": "raster",
"source": "azure-maps-basemap"
}]
}
});