If you look my example steps 4.2 and 4.3 you can see that I have made share for everyone, but default settings in security tab allow access only for those users who have account on that PC (Authenticated users and POACER\Users).
In Share tab permission "Everyone" is OK (it only tell who can see that folder) and settings in Security tab control entry to that share and this one you don't want set to "Everyone".
In my case I have only one username (with same password) in all PC's and all shares work between PC's without any problems. If I create account "Test User" to my laptop and sign in with that account I can connect shares on my desktop only by entering my
own username and password which I have on desktop