I finally solve the problem, I took two steps:
- replace the d3dcompiler_47.dll with the newer version
- remove the project and pull it from git again, then build
I have no idea which step actually fixes the problem, maybe both.
I first replace the .dll but it still doesn't work.
The hint is that I start a new project and only try to compile the shader, and find it actually works well.
So I rebuild my project, and luckily it works!