I have had the same issue with my machine after an update done last night. However, when I went to roll back the update my computer said that the update happened more than 10 days ago and the option to go back to a previous version is no longer available.
I restarted my machine many times and I can see Chrome attempt to open in background processes in task manager, but have been unable to get it to open even after several uninstall and reinstalls. I also downloaded Firefox and the same issue occurs causing it not to open. Firefox quickly disappears from background processes when I try to open it though.
Chrome is listed as my default web browser and was still on my taskbar and desktop after the update.