Thank you for everyone who responded.
I checked the BIOS settings to see if TPM was enabled; it was.
Since I was in there, I checked boot settings. The booth method was set to "UEFI & Legacy."
I switched to UEFI only, and rebooted.
Windows 11 install was able to proceed past the system requirements test, and it looks like install was successful.
I do wish there was a sort of checklist or log of compatibility issues!