Hi @Innocent Heartvoice ,
Exchange 2010 is supported with Windows Server 2012 R2 AD servers and AD forest functional level of 2012 R2, as long as your Exchange 2010 is running SP3 RU5 - RU21.
There shouldn't be any effect on your Exchange when upgrading your AD forest functional level to 2012 R2.
For more information, see:
Exchange Server supportability matrix
https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/Exchange/plan-and-deploy/supportability-matrix?redirectedfrom=MSDN&view=exchserver-2019
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Best regards,
Leon