We are having this same issue. This is what fixed it for us. Create the following registry entries.
[HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Office\16.0\Common\Identity "DisableADALatopWAMOverride"=dword:00000001
[HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Office\16.0\Common\Identity "DisableAADWAM"=dword:00000001
This did the trick for me!!!
If it helps anyone else, this did not initially work, but clearing the identities for the accounts (Each ID in its own folder in regedit. Delete the entire folder.) that I was unable to log into, then restarting the computer, then trying to log in again worked. I had to still delete the bad account from microsoft mail, but afterwards outlook and microsoft mail were both fixed.