You can use the PidTagParentDisplay property https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/office/client-developer/outlook/mapi/pidtagparentdisplay-canonical-property?WT.mc_id=M365-MVP-10145 which you request as a singleValueExtendedProperties like
https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/me/messages?$expand=singleValueExtendedProperties($filter=id%20eq%20'String%200x0E05')
and it will return eg
],
"ccRecipients": [],
"bccRecipients": [],
"replyTo": [],
"flag": {
"flagStatus": "notFlagged"
},
"singleValueExtendedProperties@odata.context": "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/$metadata#users('1c...0')/messages('A...A%3D')/singleValueExtendedProperties",
"singleValueExtendedProperties": [
{
"id": "String 0xe05",
"value": "Inbox"
}
]