If have gotten to this point, try this:
Step 1: Start the Run application, by going to Start > Windows System > Run. Type (without quotes) "Excel.exe /safe", Click OK. This will run Excel in Safe Mode, which will disable all add-ins which interacts with the application.
Step 2: While the application is running in Safe Mode, go to the file in SharePoint and open the document, make an edit to the file, and finally save the file.
Step 3: Go back into your browser and verify that the modification reflects on the page in SharePoint.
Step 4: Close the running Safe Mode instance of the application and try opening the document from SharePoint once more. At this point you should be able to freely access the document.
If you are only able to edit the document in Safe Mode, your issue is with one of the add-ins in the application. To find which add-in is the culprit, you will need to do this:
Step 1: Run the application in Safe Mode.
Step 2: Go to File > Options > Add-ins > Manage.
Step 3: Check the box for the add-in you want to enable and click OK.
Step 4: Once the add-in is enabled, try opening and editing the document.
Step 5: Close the document and repeat steps 2 - 5 until the error is recreated. Or repeat 1 - 5, if you prefer to enable each add-in only one at a time.
Step 6: Once the error is recreated and the faulty add-in is found, you will most likely need to reinstall the add-in. Any other issues after reinstalling it may require a registry fix or calling in support from the add-in creator.
If you are unable to access the document even with Safe Mode (my heart goes out to you), your issue may be a number of possible things like:
- An underlying issue with SharePoint. I would advise checking with the site manager for additional troubleshooting.
- A corrupted Office file, possibly requiring a repair or reinstall of Microsoft Office.
- An issue with the user profile. Removing the profile and having the user login to recreate it may work. I would HIGHLY recommend backing up the profile before doing this.
- A corrupted or missing Windows file (rarely works for me but try running the System File Checker).
- A client or server update issue. Checking for updates that were recently applied to the system and uninstall them could potentially work.
- A security application/appliance or antivirus. Try disabling these things temporarily to see if the file is accessible without it.