If you already tried the allow edit ranges option and it is not working. (This one is the best way to allow user sort)
How to allow sorting and Filter locked cells in protected sheets? (extendoffice.com)
You may use this one as workaround. Unlocked the sort range and only allow user to sort and filter. Then user cannot select the cells in that range.
1.You should uncheck the locked option.
- Then check only sort and use autofilter.