I just started having the same problem and the suggestions here helped - thank you!
However, the wording of the settings were different in my version - probably it's been updated/changed this the original post.
So, in Adobe's General settings, there wasn't any "print" options, but the following options:
- "Always open PDFs exported from MS Office"
- "Always open PDFs saved from the web".
I turned both off (just the first one may have solved this particular problem), and now it has stopped opening the PDF after printing with "Microsoft Print to PDF".
Seriously Adobe. Stay in your corner - I'll use you when I want to! 😂