Hi, Urdabrunnr
Follow these steps, I hope you can solve the problem.
Open Start, type: CMD
Right click CMD
Click Run as administrator
Type in at the prompt OR Copy and Paste these one at a time : (Hit enter after each)
Dism /Online /Cleanup-Image /CheckHealth
Dism /Online /Cleanup-Image /ScanHealth
Dism /Online /Cleanup-Image /RestoreHealth
Also run the System File Checker utility:
Open Start, type: CMD
Right click CMD
Click Run as administrator
At the Command Prompt, type: sfc /SCANNOW
This will check for any integrity violations
Restart your system