Hello, thank you for reaching out to Microsoft Q&A.
- May I please know if this prompt comes from Chrome?
- Could you please check if you can sign in with your Microsoft account on a different device?
If the Windows Security prompt - Insert your security key into the USB port comes from Google, doing a Chrome reset resolved the issue for several users.
That is, on your Chrome browser, go to Settings > select Reset Settings in the left pane > Restore settings to their original defaults.
Restart your web browser and sign in with your Microsoft account.
Let me know if you still need more help.