Hi Tim,
Thank you for sharing your questions. I understand why you're having trouble getting into your Outlook account. It's super annoying when you can't get in, especially with two-factor authentication turned on and the usual backup methods aren't doing the trick.
Based on my knowledge Microsoft is really serious about security. With 2FA on, that account recovery form alone isn't enough to get you back in. 2FA is there to block anyone who shouldn't be there, even if they somehow know your password. If you can't get at least one of your 2FA methods (like the app, backup codes, or a device you trust), Microsoft can't automatically check if it's really you.
Here’s what I suggest
First, see if you can log in from a device or spot where you've signed in before. Sometimes that makes things easier.
If you save any of those one-time backup codes when you set up 2FA, give them a shot.
If you're still logged in on a device or browser you trust, head to https://account.live.com/proofs/manage/additional to fix your security info.
May I also ask to have you tried logging in from a device or browser you’ve used before? Or did you save any backup codes when you set up 2FA?
I hope this answer is helpful, if you have any questions, feel free to reply.
Best Regards,
Noel