Just to verify, you are logging on to both PCs with the same Microsoft account, correct?
Open the credential manager and look to see if the "other" pc name is listed here. Remove any saved credentials.
Then open a command prompt and run "net use". If you see the "other" pc listed here, then delete the mapped drive like I did here.
I recently saw a post from a user who figured out that his problem was that he had only ever used a PIN to log on with his MS account.
I log on to my laptop with my MS account via a PIN but I think that I always logged in with a password before switching to a PIN. I can't verify that other users experience.
I have noticed that I can verify that my PC knows what my password is. I would suggest that you verify that both PCs recognize your password.
In the above image you will note that the directory is C:\Users\madne. The "madne" is the first 5 letters of my email address. If you run whoami.exe it will tell you your id in the format ComputerName\YourFirst5Letters. Run whoami on both PCs and see if YourFirst5Letters match.
Then run this command and enter your password.
runas /user:YourFirst5Letters cmd.exe
Here I used Terminal and it launched a new tab with "running as" in the title.
Do that on both PCs to verify that they both recognize your same password.
Then use net view to see if you can list the network shares.
net view \\TheNameOfTheOtherPC
What does "net view" give you?