@Michael Abraham said
I don't know why calendar, contacts, and notes each have a separate option that shows "(This computer only)"
Outlook can not mix different item types. Each type (mail, calendar, contacts, and notes) must have it's own folder. The normal method would be to have a single PST file with multiple folders (for each type) inside.
syncing the calendar between Classic Outlook and Google is actually not an option
Correct. You must use a third party tool for that.
then the goal is ...
Outlook should have created a PST/OST file automatically for your GMail IMAP when you added the email account that holds only what is synced between your client and Google. You should have created a new PST file for everything else and make it the "Default" Data file.
So if you do File -> Account Settings -> Account Settings. On the "Email" tab you should have only the PST/OST that Outlook created for you GMail account. And on the "Data File" tab you should have the GMail PST/OST and the PST you created. With your "private" PST marked as Default.
A screen shot of your left Navigation pane and your Accounts "Email" and "Data Files" tabs with all folders expanded might help. Be sure to redact any personal information in the image.
I have a similar setup (my "private" PST is named "Default") and here is what it looks like:
