This very error 0x800f0983 was shown to lots of people after trying to install the KB5077181 February monthly patch for Windows 11. Later, it switched to 991 at the end. All these people including me with my Vivobook tried all possible deletion of SoftwareDistribution, catroot2 folders, restarting WU related services, SFC, DISM with Scanhealth, Checkhealth, Restorehealth, without source, with source at Windows Update, and even with the full ISO source, and the MSU patch from Microsoft Catalog. Everything fails.
However, all ten+ people who have tried have succeeded a miraculous cure using a new Windows 11 tool. It is in Settings, System (in the left sidebar), Recovery (a right sidebar option), and "Fix Problems Using Windows Update" (second tool in the right sidebar). Click "reinstall now" and don't be afraid of the terrifying verb. It preserves apps, files, and settings. Except for asking whether you want an automatic restart at the end, it is nothing else than a Windows Update process, just the patch is called "Windows 11 Recovery Edition". And it takes twice as long because it is really installing even things that the regular light Windows Update (incorrectly) decides that your PC does not need (that is really why these 800f errors appear). For me, a fast WiFi downloaded it in 10 minutes, followed by 55 minutes "installing" inside Windows, otherwise like a regular patch, and just 5 minutes of black-screen installation phase outside Windows, plus 2 extra minutes after the first login to a user profile. And when it was completed, I had the newest post-February-patch level of Windows 11.
You should simply do it, trust me, you are no longer a beta tester, this tool simply works (10 out of 10 confirm) and frankly speaking, it may be better to use it after any error of Windows Update.