Managing Android devices using Microsoft Intune
You are facing two separate but related flows here. Authentication and Android Enterprise enrollment. The loop you describe is almost always caused by Conditional Access requiring compliant or managed device state while the device is not yet enrolled in Intune.
First clarify the architecture.
Intune Android enrollment for corporate access requires Android Enterprise. On personal devices this is Work Profile based enrollment. The work profile is not created manually from Google settings. It is created automatically by the Intune Company Portal during enrollment.
If Android settings ask for a code from IT, that refers to legacy Google enterprise enrollment using a QR or token. That is not the standard user driven Intune enrollment flow.
Now the loop.
When you sign in to Teams or Outlook, Azure AD evaluates Conditional Access. If there is a policy requiring compliant device or approved client app with app protection plus device registration, the sign in will redirect to Authenticator and Company Portal. If the device is not properly enrolled and marked compliant, the token is rejected and you are sent back to sign in again. That creates the loop.
What to check from tenant side.
Confirm Android Enterprise is configured in Intune under Devices Android Enrollment.
Confirm the tenant is connected to Managed Google Play.
Confirm a compliance policy exists and is assigned to your user group.
Confirm a Conditional Access policy requires compliant device or app protection and check its grant controls.
Verify your device appears in Entra ID and Intune after enrollment attempt.
What you should do on the device.
Remove existing work account from Android settings.
Uninstall Authenticator and Company Portal.
Reinstall Company Portal first.
Sign in from Company Portal and complete enrollment. This should automatically create the Work Profile.
After device shows as enrolled and compliant in Intune, open Teams or Outlook.
Authenticator device registration alone is not sufficient. That only registers the device in Entra ID for authentication. It does not make the device Intune managed or compliant.
If your manager does not know where to get the code, it is because the correct flow is not a manual Google work profile code. The admin must configure Android Enterprise and assign enrollment and compliance policies properly.
In short, yes. Not having a proper Intune Work Profile can block access if Conditional Access requires compliant device. The fix is tenant side configuration plus enrollment through Company Portal, not Google settings.