Your insider settings show only Stop getting preview builds line, but Choose insider setting and Windows insider account lines are missing. That indicated corrupted insider settimgs which prevent updates. To fix this delete WindowsSelfHost key from registry.
Open regedit
Navigate to HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\WindowsSelfHost
Right click WindowsSelfHost -key and select delete
Restart and relink your device back to insider progtam.