1
Your screenshot indicates those files are stored on your Desktop folder and synced to OneDrive.
For testing purposes, move out a couple of those image folder to another folder that is not synced to OneDrive and check if the image files can then be viewed in the Preview and Details pane.
2
If not, right click one of the files that cannot be previewed and select Properties, please provide a screenshot of the resulting dialog box.
Please do the same for one of the files that can be previewed, so I can compare the two image details.