Thanks for posting the full NDR. The key part is that the message is blocked because it contains content identified as spam. Which means the message is being stopped by spam filtering, not because the addresses are wrong. In your headers, I can also see Content-Type: application/ms-tnef; TNEF can cause send/receive issues. I recommend using HTML or Plain Text instead for internet mail.
Send a brand-new test email from Outlook.com on the web to one outside address, with a simple subject like “test”, a one-line body, no signature, no attachment, no link, no image, and avoid replying/forwarding an older message. If that works, the problem is likely something in the original content, signature, attachment, or Rich Text formatting.