The Surface Duo uses a Qualcomm Snapdragon 855, which means it has EDL Mode — Qualcomm's low-level flashing interface that operates below the bootloader. Since your GPT is gone, standard fast boot can't work because there's no partition table for it to reference. EDL bypasses all of that and writes directly to the eMMC/UFS storage.
Visit:
https://support.microsoft.com/devices
Choose:
Surface → Repair → Out of warranty
You need the device-specific Qualcomm Firehose programmer (.elf file) for the SM8150
Microsoft has not publicly released this
Some community members on XDA Developers (Surface Duo forums) have had partial success — this is worth checking before spending money on repair.