A Microsoft app for iOS and Android devices that enables authentication with two-factor verification, phone sign-in, and code generation
If backup wasn’t enabled on the old phone, the authenticator codes can’t be transferred automatically to the new device, since they’re stored locally and not recoverable from the broken phone.
What you’ll need to do now is use each service’s account recovery options (like backup codes, recovery email, or SMS verification if available). Once you regain access, you can set up the authenticator again on the new phone and enable backup/sync for the future.
For Microsoft accounts specifically, you can also try the account recovery form and verify recent activity to regain access.