I encountered the same error. It would start downloading, reach 7–9% (usually failing at 7%), and then just show the "Retry installation" button. It would error out at that 7–9% mark time and time again.
After doing some Googling, I found the solution:
Delete the SetupConfig.ini file located at \Users\Default\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Windows\WSUS\ (or rename it if deleting it as an administrator doesn't work).
Delete the temporary Windows Update files that had already been created.
And—apparently very, very important for this major update—VeraCrypt or other encryption software must be completely uninstalled (and, of course, you must fully decrypt the OS drive beforehand).
Only then, after a reboot, did the download and installation proceed smoothly from start to finish without any issues.
I assume that because previous updates were only minor, the encryption didn't interfere with the "weekly" updates for preview versions. However, since this is a major update, Windows likely checks for encryption (e.g., via VeraCrypt) and—naturally—aborts the update if it detects it, presumably to prevent potential boot problems.