Hello, good day and thanks for your question. Sorry to know about this and I understand that you have encountered an issue when renewing your Minecraft Realm.
There is a possibility that the system is not accepting the current payment method that you are using even if it is showing that it pushed through.
If it will still not push through with the renewal, go to account.microsoft.com/services from a browser and look for Minecraft Realms and renew it from there instead of doing it from the launcher or from the game.
If it will still not push through with the renewal, cancel the expired Realm from the services page and create a new Realm in Minecraft which clears the backend side that is halting the renewal process.
If all else fails, you can reach out to the Minecraft team at https://aka.ms/Minecraft-Support/ to have your account checked.