That message is usually caused by a Windows security or application-control policy. Since it happens randomly, it would help to identify which app is being blocked.
Check Event Viewer → Applications and Services Logs → Microsoft → Windows → AppLocker around the time the popup appears. That may show the exact program being blocked.
If this is a personal PC, also check Windows Security → App & browser control and make sure Smart App Control or another security policy isn't blocking Chrome or one of its components. AppLocker can also cause this exact message.
If it's a work/school-managed PC, the restriction may be coming from an administrator policy.