Let's get you into the Windows Recovery Environment instead, which runs outside your normal Windows setup and should be stable even if something inside Windows itself is interfering.
To trigger it, hold your power button to force a shutdown while Windows is on, then power back on and let it try to boot normally. Do this three times in a row — after the third failed/interrupted boot, Windows automatically drops into the Recovery Environment (you'll see "Preparing Automatic Repair" or similar). From there, choose Troubleshoot, then Advanced options.
In Advanced options, you'll see several tools — try Startup Repair first and let it run, since it may fix this automatically. If that doesn't resolve it or isn't available, go back into Advanced options and choose Command Prompt instead, which opens a command line outside your normal profile and should be far more stable than the one that kept closing. From there, we can run sfc /scannow and DISM /Online /Cleanup-Image /RestoreHealth properly.
Try the force restart three times and let me know what you land on — Startup Repair, Command Prompt, or something else in that menu.