The 554 5.7.520 AS(4810) error generally indicates that the message was rejected by Microsoft's outbound spam/abuse protection. The fact that the attachment is a normal JPG does not necessarily mean the attachment itself is the cause.
I would recommend checking the following:
Try sending the same message without the attachment. If it succeeds, compare the message/attachment characteristics.
Try a different JPG with a smaller file size and a simple filename.
Check whether the issue occurs when sending to multiple recipients or only to a particular address/domain.
Review your Outlook.com account for any recent unusual sign-in or sending activity and make sure the account is secure.
Avoid repeatedly retrying the same blocked message, as repeated attempts may not resolve a reputation-based restriction.
If the issue continues even with ordinary messages and no attachment, this is more likely to require Microsoft's automated account/reputation systems to be reviewed rather than being caused by the JPG itself.
For Outlook.com accounts, the appropriate next step is to use Microsoft's official Outlook.com support channel so the account-specific sending restriction can be investigated. There isn't a user-side setting that can simply clear an outbound reputation flag.