Using classic Outlook for Windows in business environments
It sounds like Outlook may be opening off-screen or remembering a bad window position, especially if it shows as active on the taskbar.
Try clicking the Outlook icon on the taskbar to make it active, then press Windows key + Up Arrow to maximize it. Microsoft also supports Windows key + Shift + Left/Right Arrow to move the active window between monitors if it was positioned on another display.
If that doesn't bring it back, press Alt + Tab to make sure Outlook is actually the active window, then try the same shortcut.
If Outlook still won't display, I'd try starting it with Outlook /safe to see if an add-in or Outlook startup issue is involved. Microsoft recommends Safe Mode as a troubleshooting step for Outlook startup problems.
If you have more than one monitor connected, I'd also temporarily disconnect the second monitor and try opening Outlook again.