Hi @frob ,
I'm afraid It's impossible if the list is in SharePoint modern experience. If it's a single attachment, you can use a SharePoint Document Library instead of a list, which each item is a document, which basically means it requires a document to start. This is why there is no OOB setting to set Attachments field to the required field. It is a best practise to clearly distinguish between list and library to make the most use of them in SharePoint Online.
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