@MichaelM Since you have done few troubleshooting, we would need to check the account status and license at backend.
Normally, if you give a Microsoft account (live.com, hotmail.com, outlook.com) as local admin when it prompts first time, and then add the work account by going to Settings - Accounts - Access work or school accounts - Then try adding the work email here and use Join to Azure AD option.
Let me know if above works, if not, lets sync offline at azcommunity[at]microsoft[dot]com mention subject as "Atten -Vipul" we can then have a look at the account and other status.
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