Hi,
Let's start from the most relevant and common point
DBCC CHECKDB Slow on SQL Server 2019 Standard compared to that on same DB in SQL server 2012 Enterprise.
In Standard Edition, CHECKDB is single-threaded, which directly lead to such behavior.
Using Enterprise Edition, CHECKDB respects the maximum degree of parallelism.
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This information is documented but very poorly and not well in my opinion
If you will check the official documentation regarding DBCC CHECKDB, then you will notice that there is not explicitly information about the fact that standard edition does not support Parallel consistency check.
The only information it provide for some reason, is only in the comment: This feature is not available in every edition of SQL Server.
But if you go to the mentioned document about the components of the different editions of SQL Server then the information is explicitly documented in one word: no