@Jennifer Hainsworth The question is more towards the Microsoft form and I will suggest you to post the query here so the team can confirm if there is any way in the Microsoft forum to configure the callback URL when the user submits the response.
I have done some research and I can see that we can only provide a custom message when your users submit the form and not the dynamic response
In general, if any application supports the configuration of callback URL waiting for the response then you may send the response back to that URL after your business logic/workflow has been executed.
From logic app perspective it doesn't have any control over the client browser.